Establishes that “failure to protect” a child from neglect or abuse must be an intentional, malicious act. Defines child neglect as failing to provide basic needs, shielding a child from harmful exposure (drugs, crime, inappropriate content), or abandonment, while excluding age-appropriate independence and religious practices.

Context: Oklahoma’s failure to protect laws have drawn criticism for disproportionately punishing mothers for not protecting their child from an abuser, often sentencing them more harshly without considering their own victimization. Reform efforts have been ongoing since at least 2019, with advocacy groups like the Oklahoma Women’s Coalition pushing for change. The law also has implications for women who use substances during pregnancy and their families.